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\begin{document}
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\textbf{To:} Anonymous Anonymous \hfill \today
\linebreak
\textbf{From:} msglm
\linebreak
\textbf{Subject: Incarceration Rates of the Southern United States Region}
\linebreak
\linebreak
\textbf{Purpose}
\linebreak
Todd D. Minton, Lauren G. Beatty, and Zhen Zeng, Ph.D., BJS Statistics wrote on behalf of the United States Department of Justice developed an estimate of those in adult correctional systems at the year-end of 2019. Over all, 6,344,000 were under some form of adult correctional system. Of note, 65,200 fewer people were under supervision in the studied year. The statistics were acquired by a mix of voluntary responding, censuses, query's into Departments of Correction and the Federal Bureau of prisons, along with surveys of jails in Indian territory.
\linebreak
\linebreak
The total incarcerated population lowered 1.7\%. Since 2009, the entire correctional population as a whole has dropped 12.4\%. 2019 has had the lowest incarcerated population since 2013 (2,086,600). The incarcerated population decreased due to a decrease in the prison population. The parole population was the only correctional population that had an increase. Said parole increase was by 6.6\%.
\linebreak
\textbf{Methodology}
\linebreak
Annually, a voluntary parole survey, annual probation survey, jail population survey, and Indian jail population survey is given to record the amount of people imprisoned in the nation. Every six years, a Census of Jails is done by enumeration of all those currently held in prison. On top of this, the National Prisoner Statistics program queries the Federal Bureau of Prisons and each state's department of corrections. Those with dual correctional status are factored in under both statuses, thus making the statistics slightly off without their removal. Non-responses had varied methods of adjustment all enumerated on other documents, one of which was a dead link. Comparisons between jurisdictions over time may not be valid due to changes in reporting, reconciliation, reclassification of offenders, and the inclusion or non inclusion of certain sub populations.
\begin{table}[ht]
\caption{Total correctional population}
\begin{center}
\resizebox{0.8\pdfpagewidth}{!}{
\begin{tabular}{ | m{5em} | m{7em} | m{7em} | m{7em} | m{4em} | m{7em} | m{7em} | m{4em} |m{7em}| m{7em} | }
\hline
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Location} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Total Correctional Population} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Community Supervision Population} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Incarcerated Population}\\
\hline
State & Total Correctional Population (12/31/2019) & Number Supervised per 100000 U.S. Adult Residents & Number Supervised per 100000 U.S. residents of all ages & Number on probation or parole & Number on probation or parole per 100,000 U.S. adult residents & Number on probation or parole per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages & Number in prison or local jail & Number in prison or local jail per 100,000 U.S adult residents & Number in prison or local jail per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages\\
\hline
Arkansas & 88,900 & 3,820 & 2,940 & 63,400 & 2,720 & 2,090 & 25,500 & 1,100 & 840\\
\hline
Louisiana & 107,600 & 3,010 & 2,310 & 60,000 & 1,680 & 1,290 & 47,600 & 1,330 & 1,020\\
\hline
Texas & 689,300 & 3,170 & 2,360 & 474,100 & 2,180 & 1,620 & 215,100 & 990 & 740\\
\hline
Tennessee & 124,100 & 2,320 & 1,810 & 73,500 & 1,370 & 1,070 & 50,500 & 940 & 740\\
\hline
Mississippi & 67,200 & 2,950 & 2,260 & 38,900 & 1,710 & 1,310 & 28,300 & 1,240 & 950\\
\hline
Alabama & 106,400 & 2,780 & 2,160 & 64,300 & 1,680 & 1,310 & 42,200 & 1,100 & 860\\
\hline
Georgia & 522,300 & 6,390 & 4,890 & 427,600 & 5,230 & 4,000 & 94,800 & 1,160 & 890\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
\end{center}
\label{tab:correctional}
\end{table}
\textbf{Results}
Given the statistics in Table~\ref{tab:correctional}, it can be stated that Texas has a high number of total correctional population.
\linebreak
\linebreak
Around 68.8 percent of Texas' Correctional population is under community supervision. Around 31.2 percent of Texas' correctional population is incarcerated.
\linebreak
\linebreak
Georgia holds the second highest total of those in-correctional populations and holds both the highest ratio between free and in-correctional adults and those of all ages.
\linebreak
\linebreak
Despite Arkansas having a relatively low Correctional Population (placing six out of seven of total correctional population), Arkansas has the second highest ratio for residents in-correctional populations in both categories of adult and all ages.
\linebreak
\linebreak
Georgia's difference in free-to-correctional individuals between adults and "all ages" is significantly higher than any other state. The adult population ratio is 1500 individuals higher than the "all ages" population ratio.
\linebreak
\linebreak
Louisiana has the highest free-to-incarcerated ratio for both all ages and just adults with there being 1,020 individuals in local jails per 100,000 free residents of all ages.
\linebreak
\linebreak
Around 57.8 percent of Mississippi's correctional population is under community supervision. Around 42.1 percent of Mississippi's correctional population is incarcerated.
\linebreak
\linebreak
Despite Georgia having one of the highest total correctional populations, most of those in said correctional populations are under community supervision. Around 81.8 percent of those in correctional population are on some form of probation or parole.
\linebreak
\linebreak
Arkansas, in spite of being a lower population state, has the second highest number of correctional individuals, that being 3,820, when compared to a population of 100000 adults. However, it should be noted that 71.2 percent of the correctional population when compared to 100,000 Adult Residents are under some form of probation or parole.
\linebreak
\linebreak
\linebreak
\textbf{Conclusion}
\linebreak
A noteworthy assessment can be made with the generally lower population states having quite high ratios of free to correctional individuals given their population. Mississippi is only 100 individuals below Texas in its "all ages" free-to-correctional ratio. Alabama is only 200 individuals below Texas in its "all ages" free-to-correctional ratio. Louisiana is only 50 individuals below Texas in its "all ages" free-to-correctional ratio. Most worryingly, Arkansas is 580 individuals above Texas in its "all ages" free-to-correctional ratio. Another note can be made about the percentages of people incarcerated in Mississippi, with community watch being only 16.7 percent more common in the correctional population than incarceration.
%%%%Works cited
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Copyright \copyright \the\year{} msglm -
This work is licensed under the \href{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/}{CC-BY-SA 4.0} with a willingness to sell exceptions.
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