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+// Copyright (c) 2017 Uber Technologies, Inc.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+// THE SOFTWARE.
+
+// Package multierr allows combining one or more errors together.
+//
+// Overview
+//
+// Errors can be combined with the use of the Combine function.
+//
+// multierr.Combine(
+// reader.Close(),
+// writer.Close(),
+// conn.Close(),
+// )
+//
+// If only two errors are being combined, the Append function may be used
+// instead.
+//
+// err = multierr.Combine(reader.Close(), writer.Close())
+//
+// This makes it possible to record resource cleanup failures from deferred
+// blocks with the help of named return values.
+//
+// func sendRequest(req Request) (err error) {
+// conn, err := openConnection()
+// if err != nil {
+// return err
+// }
+// defer func() {
+// err = multierr.Append(err, conn.Close())
+// }()
+// // ...
+// }
+//
+// The underlying list of errors for a returned error object may be retrieved
+// with the Errors function.
+//
+// errors := multierr.Errors(err)
+// if len(errors) > 0 {
+// fmt.Println("The following errors occurred:")
+// }
+//
+// Advanced Usage
+//
+// Errors returned by Combine and Append MAY implement the following
+// interface.
+//
+// type errorGroup interface {
+// // Returns a slice containing the underlying list of errors.
+// //
+// // This slice MUST NOT be modified by the caller.
+// Errors() []error
+// }
+//
+// Note that if you need access to list of errors behind a multierr error, you
+// should prefer using the Errors function. That said, if you need cheap
+// read-only access to the underlying errors slice, you can attempt to cast
+// the error to this interface. You MUST handle the failure case gracefully
+// because errors returned by Combine and Append are not guaranteed to
+// implement this interface.
+//
+// var errors []error
+// group, ok := err.(errorGroup)
+// if ok {
+// errors = group.Errors()
+// } else {
+// errors = []error{err}
+// }
+package multierr // import "go.uber.org/multierr"
+
+import (
+ "bytes"
+ "fmt"
+ "io"
+ "strings"
+ "sync"
+
+ "go.uber.org/atomic"
+)
+
+var (
+ // Separator for single-line error messages.
+ _singlelineSeparator = []byte("; ")
+
+ _newline = []byte("\n")
+
+ // Prefix for multi-line messages
+ _multilinePrefix = []byte("the following errors occurred:")
+
+ // Prefix for the first and following lines of an item in a list of
+ // multi-line error messages.
+ //
+ // For example, if a single item is:
+ //
+ // foo
+ // bar
+ //
+ // It will become,
+ //
+ // - foo
+ // bar
+ _multilineSeparator = []byte("\n - ")
+ _multilineIndent = []byte(" ")
+)
+
+// _bufferPool is a pool of bytes.Buffers.
+var _bufferPool = sync.Pool{
+ New: func() interface{} {
+ return &bytes.Buffer{}
+ },
+}
+
+type errorGroup interface {
+ Errors() []error
+}
+
+// Errors returns a slice containing zero or more errors that the supplied
+// error is composed of. If the error is nil, the returned slice is empty.
+//
+// err := multierr.Append(r.Close(), w.Close())
+// errors := multierr.Errors(err)
+//
+// If the error is not composed of other errors, the returned slice contains
+// just the error that was passed in.
+//
+// Callers of this function are free to modify the returned slice.
+func Errors(err error) []error {
+ if err == nil {
+ return nil
+ }
+
+ // Note that we're casting to multiError, not errorGroup. Our contract is
+ // that returned errors MAY implement errorGroup. Errors, however, only
+ // has special behavior for multierr-specific error objects.
+ //
+ // This behavior can be expanded in the future but I think it's prudent to
+ // start with as little as possible in terms of contract and possibility
+ // of misuse.
+ eg, ok := err.(*multiError)
+ if !ok {
+ return []error{err}
+ }
+
+ errors := eg.Errors()
+ result := make([]error, len(errors))
+ copy(result, errors)
+ return result
+}
+
+// multiError is an error that holds one or more errors.
+//
+// An instance of this is guaranteed to be non-empty and flattened. That is,
+// none of the errors inside multiError are other multiErrors.
+//
+// multiError formats to a semi-colon delimited list of error messages with
+// %v and with a more readable multi-line format with %+v.
+type multiError struct {
+ copyNeeded atomic.Bool
+ errors []error
+}
+
+var _ errorGroup = (*multiError)(nil)
+
+// Errors returns the list of underlying errors.
+//
+// This slice MUST NOT be modified.
+func (merr *multiError) Errors() []error {
+ if merr == nil {
+ return nil
+ }
+ return merr.errors
+}
+
+func (merr *multiError) Error() string {
+ if merr == nil {
+ return ""
+ }
+
+ buff := _bufferPool.Get().(*bytes.Buffer)
+ buff.Reset()
+
+ merr.writeSingleline(buff)
+
+ result := buff.String()
+ _bufferPool.Put(buff)
+ return result
+}
+
+func (merr *multiError) Format(f fmt.State, c rune) {
+ if c == 'v' && f.Flag('+') {
+ merr.writeMultiline(f)
+ } else {
+ merr.writeSingleline(f)
+ }
+}
+
+func (merr *multiError) writeSingleline(w io.Writer) {
+ first := true
+ for _, item := range merr.errors {
+ if first {
+ first = false
+ } else {
+ w.Write(_singlelineSeparator)
+ }
+ io.WriteString(w, item.Error())
+ }
+}
+
+func (merr *multiError) writeMultiline(w io.Writer) {
+ w.Write(_multilinePrefix)
+ for _, item := range merr.errors {
+ w.Write(_multilineSeparator)
+ writePrefixLine(w, _multilineIndent, fmt.Sprintf("%+v", item))
+ }
+}
+
+// Writes s to the writer with the given prefix added before each line after
+// the first.
+func writePrefixLine(w io.Writer, prefix []byte, s string) {
+ first := true
+ for len(s) > 0 {
+ if first {
+ first = false
+ } else {
+ w.Write(prefix)
+ }
+
+ idx := strings.IndexByte(s, '\n')
+ if idx < 0 {
+ idx = len(s) - 1
+ }
+
+ io.WriteString(w, s[:idx+1])
+ s = s[idx+1:]
+ }
+}
+
+type inspectResult struct {
+ // Number of top-level non-nil errors
+ Count int
+
+ // Total number of errors including multiErrors
+ Capacity int
+
+ // Index of the first non-nil error in the list. Value is meaningless if
+ // Count is zero.
+ FirstErrorIdx int
+
+ // Whether the list contains at least one multiError
+ ContainsMultiError bool
+}
+
+// Inspects the given slice of errors so that we can efficiently allocate
+// space for it.
+func inspect(errors []error) (res inspectResult) {
+ first := true
+ for i, err := range errors {
+ if err == nil {
+ continue
+ }
+
+ res.Count++
+ if first {
+ first = false
+ res.FirstErrorIdx = i
+ }
+
+ if merr, ok := err.(*multiError); ok {
+ res.Capacity += len(merr.errors)
+ res.ContainsMultiError = true
+ } else {
+ res.Capacity++
+ }
+ }
+ return
+}
+
+// fromSlice converts the given list of errors into a single error.
+func fromSlice(errors []error) error {
+ res := inspect(errors)
+ switch res.Count {
+ case 0:
+ return nil
+ case 1:
+ // only one non-nil entry
+ return errors[res.FirstErrorIdx]
+ case len(errors):
+ if !res.ContainsMultiError {
+ // already flat
+ return &multiError{errors: errors}
+ }
+ }
+
+ nonNilErrs := make([]error, 0, res.Capacity)
+ for _, err := range errors[res.FirstErrorIdx:] {
+ if err == nil {
+ continue
+ }
+
+ if nested, ok := err.(*multiError); ok {
+ nonNilErrs = append(nonNilErrs, nested.errors...)
+ } else {
+ nonNilErrs = append(nonNilErrs, err)
+ }
+ }
+
+ return &multiError{errors: nonNilErrs}
+}
+
+// Combine combines the passed errors into a single error.
+//
+// If zero arguments were passed or if all items are nil, a nil error is
+// returned.
+//
+// Combine(nil, nil) // == nil
+//
+// If only a single error was passed, it is returned as-is.
+//
+// Combine(err) // == err
+//
+// Combine skips over nil arguments so this function may be used to combine
+// together errors from operations that fail independently of each other.
+//
+// multierr.Combine(
+// reader.Close(),
+// writer.Close(),
+// pipe.Close(),
+// )
+//
+// If any of the passed errors is a multierr error, it will be flattened along
+// with the other errors.
+//
+// multierr.Combine(multierr.Combine(err1, err2), err3)
+// // is the same as
+// multierr.Combine(err1, err2, err3)
+//
+// The returned error formats into a readable multi-line error message if
+// formatted with %+v.
+//
+// fmt.Sprintf("%+v", multierr.Combine(err1, err2))
+func Combine(errors ...error) error {
+ return fromSlice(errors)
+}
+
+// Append appends the given errors together. Either value may be nil.
+//
+// This function is a specialization of Combine for the common case where
+// there are only two errors.
+//
+// err = multierr.Append(reader.Close(), writer.Close())
+//
+// The following pattern may also be used to record failure of deferred
+// operations without losing information about the original error.
+//
+// func doSomething(..) (err error) {
+// f := acquireResource()
+// defer func() {
+// err = multierr.Append(err, f.Close())
+// }()
+func Append(left error, right error) error {
+ switch {
+ case left == nil:
+ return right
+ case right == nil:
+ return left
+ }
+
+ if _, ok := right.(*multiError); !ok {
+ if l, ok := left.(*multiError); ok && !l.copyNeeded.Swap(true) {
+ // Common case where the error on the left is constantly being
+ // appended to.
+ errs := append(l.errors, right)
+ return &multiError{errors: errs}
+ } else if !ok {
+ // Both errors are single errors.
+ return &multiError{errors: []error{left, right}}
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Either right or both, left and right, are multiErrors. Rely on usual
+ // expensive logic.
+ errors := [2]error{left, right}
+ return fromSlice(errors[0:])
+}