path: root/vendor/modernc.org/sqlite/sqlite.go

// Copyright 2017 The Sqlite Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

//go:generate go run generator.go -full-path-comments

package sqlite // import "modernc.org/sqlite"

import (
	"context"
	"database/sql"
	"database/sql/driver"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"math"
	"net/url"
	"reflect"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"
	"unsafe"

	"modernc.org/libc"
	"modernc.org/libc/sys/types"
	sqlite3 "modernc.org/sqlite/lib"
)

var (
	_ driver.Conn   = (*conn)(nil)
	_ driver.Driver = (*Driver)(nil)
	//lint:ignore SA1019 TODO implement ExecerContext
	_ driver.Execer = (*conn)(nil)
	//lint:ignore SA1019 TODO implement QueryerContext
	_ driver.Queryer                        = (*conn)(nil)
	_ driver.Result                         = (*result)(nil)
	_ driver.Rows                           = (*rows)(nil)
	_ driver.RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName = (*rows)(nil)
	_ driver.RowsColumnTypeLength           = (*rows)(nil)
	_ driver.RowsColumnTypeNullable         = (*rows)(nil)
	_ driver.RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale   = (*rows)(nil)
	_ driver.RowsColumnTypeScanType         = (*rows)(nil)
	_ driver.Stmt                           = (*stmt)(nil)
	_ driver.Tx                             = (*tx)(nil)
	_ error                                 = (*Error)(nil)
)

const (
	driverName              = "sqlite"
	ptrSize                 = unsafe.Sizeof(uintptr(0))
	sqliteLockedSharedcache = sqlite3.SQLITE_LOCKED | (1 << 8)
)

// Error represents sqlite library error code.
type Error struct {
	msg  string
	code int
}

// Error implements error.
func (e *Error) Error() string { return e.msg }

// Code returns the sqlite result code for this error.
func (e *Error) Code() int { return e.code }

var (
	// ErrorCodeString maps Error.Code() to its string representation.
	ErrorCodeString = map[int]string{
		sqlite3.SQLITE_ABORT:             "Callback routine requested an abort (SQLITE_ABORT)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_AUTH:              "Authorization denied (SQLITE_AUTH)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_BUSY:              "The database file is locked (SQLITE_BUSY)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_CANTOPEN:          "Unable to open the database file (SQLITE_CANTOPEN)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_CONSTRAINT:        "Abort due to constraint violation (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_CORRUPT:           "The database disk image is malformed (SQLITE_CORRUPT)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_DONE:              "sqlite3_step() has finished executing (SQLITE_DONE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_EMPTY:             "Internal use only (SQLITE_EMPTY)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_ERROR:             "Generic error (SQLITE_ERROR)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_FORMAT:            "Not used (SQLITE_FORMAT)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_FULL:              "Insertion failed because database is full (SQLITE_FULL)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_INTERNAL:          "Internal logic error in SQLite (SQLITE_INTERNAL)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_INTERRUPT:         "Operation terminated by sqlite3_interrupt()(SQLITE_INTERRUPT)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (1 << 8):  "(SQLITE_IOERR_READ)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (10 << 8): "(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (11 << 8): "(SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (12 << 8): "(SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (13 << 8): "(SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (14 << 8): "(SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (15 << 8): "(SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (16 << 8): "(SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (17 << 8): "(SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (2 << 8):  "(SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (3 << 8):  "(SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (4 << 8):  "(SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (5 << 8):  "(SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (6 << 8):  "(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (7 << 8):  "(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (8 << 8):  "(SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR | (9 << 8):  "(SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_IOERR:             "Some kind of disk I/O error occurred (SQLITE_IOERR)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_LOCKED | (1 << 8): "(SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_LOCKED:            "A table in the database is locked (SQLITE_LOCKED)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_MISMATCH:          "Data type mismatch (SQLITE_MISMATCH)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_MISUSE:            "Library used incorrectly (SQLITE_MISUSE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_NOLFS:             "Uses OS features not supported on host (SQLITE_NOLFS)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_NOMEM:             "A malloc() failed (SQLITE_NOMEM)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_NOTADB:            "File opened that is not a database file (SQLITE_NOTADB)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_NOTFOUND:          "Unknown opcode in sqlite3_file_control() (SQLITE_NOTFOUND)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_NOTICE:            "Notifications from sqlite3_log() (SQLITE_NOTICE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_PERM:              "Access permission denied (SQLITE_PERM)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_PROTOCOL:          "Database lock protocol error (SQLITE_PROTOCOL)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_RANGE:             "2nd parameter to sqlite3_bind out of range (SQLITE_RANGE)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_READONLY:          "Attempt to write a readonly database (SQLITE_READONLY)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_ROW:               "sqlite3_step() has another row ready (SQLITE_ROW)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_SCHEMA:            "The database schema changed (SQLITE_SCHEMA)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_TOOBIG:            "String or BLOB exceeds size limit (SQLITE_TOOBIG)",
		sqlite3.SQLITE_WARNING:           "Warnings from sqlite3_log() (SQLITE_WARNING)",
	}
)

func init() {
	sql.Register(driverName, newDriver())
}

type result struct {
	lastInsertID int64
	rowsAffected int
}

func newResult(c *conn) (_ *result, err error) {
	r := &result{}
	if r.rowsAffected, err = c.changes(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if r.lastInsertID, err = c.lastInsertRowID(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return r, nil
}

// LastInsertId returns the database's auto-generated ID after, for example, an
// INSERT into a table with primary key.
func (r *result) LastInsertId() (int64, error) {
	if r == nil {
		return 0, nil
	}

	return r.lastInsertID, nil
}

// RowsAffected returns the number of rows affected by the query.
func (r *result) RowsAffected() (int64, error) {
	if r == nil {
		return 0, nil
	}

	return int64(r.rowsAffected), nil
}

type rows struct {
	allocs  []uintptr
	c       *conn
	columns []string
	pstmt   uintptr

	doStep bool
	empty  bool
}

func newRows(c *conn, pstmt uintptr, allocs []uintptr, empty bool) (r *rows, err error) {
	r = &rows{c: c, pstmt: pstmt, allocs: allocs, empty: empty}

	defer func() {
		if err != nil {
			r.Close()
			r = nil
		}
	}()

	n, err := c.columnCount(pstmt)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	r.columns = make([]string, n)
	for i := range r.columns {
		if r.columns[i], err = r.c.columnName(pstmt, i); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	return r, nil
}

// Close closes the rows iterator.
func (r *rows) Close() (err error) {
	for _, v := range r.allocs {
		r.c.free(v)
	}
	r.allocs = nil
	return r.c.finalize(r.pstmt)
}

// Columns returns the names of the columns. The number of columns of the
// result is inferred from the length of the slice. If a particular column name
// isn't known, an empty string should be returned for that entry.
func (r *rows) Columns() (c []string) {
	return r.columns
}

// Next is called to populate the next row of data into the provided slice. The
// provided slice will be the same size as the Columns() are wide.
//
// Next should return io.EOF when there are no more rows.
func (r *rows) Next(dest []driver.Value) (err error) {
	if r.empty {
		return io.EOF
	}

	rc := sqlite3.SQLITE_ROW
	if r.doStep {
		if rc, err = r.c.step(r.pstmt); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	r.doStep = true
	switch rc {
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_ROW:
		if g, e := len(dest), len(r.columns); g != e {
			return fmt.Errorf("sqlite: Next: have %v destination values, expected %v", g, e)
		}

		for i := range dest {
			ct, err := r.c.columnType(r.pstmt, i)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			switch ct {
			case sqlite3.SQLITE_INTEGER:
				v, err := r.c.columnInt64(r.pstmt, i)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}

				dest[i] = v
			case sqlite3.SQLITE_FLOAT:
				v, err := r.c.columnDouble(r.pstmt, i)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}

				dest[i] = v
			case sqlite3.SQLITE_TEXT:
				v, err := r.c.columnText(r.pstmt, i)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}

				switch r.ColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName(i) {
				case "DATE", "DATETIME", "TIMESTAMP":
					dest[i], _ = r.c.parseTime(v)
				default:
					dest[i] = v
				}
			case sqlite3.SQLITE_BLOB:
				v, err := r.c.columnBlob(r.pstmt, i)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}

				dest[i] = v
			case sqlite3.SQLITE_NULL:
				dest[i] = nil
			default:
				return fmt.Errorf("internal error: rc %d", rc)
			}
		}
		return nil
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_DONE:
		return io.EOF
	default:
		return r.c.errstr(int32(rc))
	}
}

// Inspired by mattn/go-sqlite3: https://github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3/blob/ab91e934/sqlite3.go#L210-L226
//
// These time.Parse formats handle formats 1 through 7 listed at https://www.sqlite.org/lang_datefunc.html.
var parseTimeFormats = []string{
	"2006-01-02 15:04:05.999999999-07:00",
	"2006-01-02T15:04:05.999999999-07:00",
	"2006-01-02 15:04:05.999999999",
	"2006-01-02T15:04:05.999999999",
	"2006-01-02 15:04",
	"2006-01-02T15:04",
	"2006-01-02",
}

// Attempt to parse s as a time. Return (s, false) if s is not
// recognized as a valid time encoding.
func (c *conn) parseTime(s string) (interface{}, bool) {
	if v, ok := c.parseTimeString(s, strings.Index(s, "m=")); ok {
		return v, true
	}

	ts := strings.TrimSuffix(s, "Z")

	for _, f := range parseTimeFormats {
		t, err := time.Parse(f, ts)
		if err == nil {
			return t, true
		}
	}

	return s, false
}

// Attempt to parse s as a time string produced by t.String().  If x > 0 it's
// the index of substring "m=" within s.  Return (s, false) if s is
// not recognized as a valid time encoding.
func (c *conn) parseTimeString(s0 string, x int) (interface{}, bool) {
	s := s0
	if x > 0 {
		s = s[:x] // "2006-01-02 15:04:05.999999999 -0700 MST m=+9999" -> "2006-01-02 15:04:05.999999999 -0700 MST "
	}
	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
	if t, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05.999999999 -0700 MST", s); err == nil {
		return t, true
	}

	return s0, false
}

// writeTimeFormats are the names and formats supported
// by the `_time_format` DSN query param.
var writeTimeFormats = map[string]string{
	"sqlite": parseTimeFormats[0],
}

func (c *conn) formatTime(t time.Time) string {
	// Before configurable write time formats were supported,
	// time.Time.String was used. Maintain that default to
	// keep existing driver users formatting times the same.
	if c.writeTimeFormat == "" {
		return t.String()
	}
	return t.Format(c.writeTimeFormat)
}

// RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName may be implemented by Rows. It should return
// the database system type name without the length. Type names should be
// uppercase. Examples of returned types: "VARCHAR", "NVARCHAR", "VARCHAR2",
// "CHAR", "TEXT", "DECIMAL", "SMALLINT", "INT", "BIGINT", "BOOL", "[]BIGINT",
// "JSONB", "XML", "TIMESTAMP".
func (r *rows) ColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName(index int) string {
	return strings.ToUpper(r.c.columnDeclType(r.pstmt, index))
}

// RowsColumnTypeLength may be implemented by Rows. It should return the length
// of the column type if the column is a variable length type. If the column is
// not a variable length type ok should return false. If length is not limited
// other than system limits, it should return math.MaxInt64. The following are
// examples of returned values for various types:
//
//	TEXT          (math.MaxInt64, true)
//	varchar(10)   (10, true)
//	nvarchar(10)  (10, true)
//	decimal       (0, false)
//	int           (0, false)
//	bytea(30)     (30, true)
func (r *rows) ColumnTypeLength(index int) (length int64, ok bool) {
	t, err := r.c.columnType(r.pstmt, index)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, false
	}

	switch t {
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_INTEGER:
		return 0, false
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_FLOAT:
		return 0, false
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_TEXT:
		return math.MaxInt64, true
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_BLOB:
		return math.MaxInt64, true
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_NULL:
		return 0, false
	default:
		return 0, false
	}
}

// RowsColumnTypeNullable may be implemented by Rows. The nullable value should
// be true if it is known the column may be null, or false if the column is
// known to be not nullable. If the column nullability is unknown, ok should be
// false.
func (r *rows) ColumnTypeNullable(index int) (nullable, ok bool) {
	return true, true
}

// RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale may be implemented by Rows. It should return
// the precision and scale for decimal types. If not applicable, ok should be
// false. The following are examples of returned values for various types:
//
//	decimal(38, 4)    (38, 4, true)
//	int               (0, 0, false)
//	decimal           (math.MaxInt64, math.MaxInt64, true)
func (r *rows) ColumnTypePrecisionScale(index int) (precision, scale int64, ok bool) {
	return 0, 0, false
}

// RowsColumnTypeScanType may be implemented by Rows. It should return the
// value type that can be used to scan types into. For example, the database
// column type "bigint" this should return "reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))".
func (r *rows) ColumnTypeScanType(index int) reflect.Type {
	t, err := r.c.columnType(r.pstmt, index)
	if err != nil {
		return reflect.TypeOf("")
	}

	switch t {
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_INTEGER:
		switch strings.ToLower(r.c.columnDeclType(r.pstmt, index)) {
		case "boolean":
			return reflect.TypeOf(false)
		case "date", "datetime", "time", "timestamp":
			return reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{})
		default:
			return reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))
		}
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_FLOAT:
		return reflect.TypeOf(float64(0))
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_TEXT:
		return reflect.TypeOf("")
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_BLOB:
		return reflect.SliceOf(reflect.TypeOf([]byte{}))
	case sqlite3.SQLITE_NULL:
		return reflect.TypeOf(nil)
	default:
		return reflect.TypeOf("")
	}
}

type stmt struct {
	c    *conn
	psql uintptr
}

func newStmt(c *conn, sql string) (*stmt, error) {
	p, err := libc.CString(sql)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	stm := stmt{c: c, psql: p}

	return &stm, nil
}

// Close closes the statement.
//
// As of Go 1.1, a Stmt will not be closed if it's in use by any queries.
func (s *stmt) Close() (err error) {
	s.c.free(s.psql)
	s.psql = 0
	return nil
}

// Exec executes a query that doesn't return rows, such as an INSERT or UPDATE.
//
//
// Deprecated: Drivers should implement StmtExecContext instead (or
// additionally).
func (s *stmt) Exec(args []driver.Value) (driver.Result, error) { //TODO StmtExecContext
	return s.exec(context.Background(), toNamedValues(args))
}

// toNamedValues converts []driver.Value to []driver.NamedValue
func toNamedValues(vals []driver.Value) (r []driver.NamedValue) {
	r = make([]driver.NamedValue, len(vals))
	for i, val := range vals {
		r[i] = driver.NamedValue{Value: val, Ordinal: i + 1}
	}
	return r
}

func (s *stmt) exec(ctx context.Context, args []driver.NamedValue) (r driver.Result, err error) {
	var pstmt uintptr
	var done int32
	if ctx != nil && ctx.Done() != nil {
		defer interruptOnDone(ctx, s.c, &done)()
	}

	for psql := s.psql; *(*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(psql)) != 0 && atomic.LoadInt32(&done) == 0; {
		if pstmt, err = s.c.prepareV2(&psql); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		if pstmt == 0 {
			continue
		}
		err = func() (err error) {
			n, err := s.c.bindParameterCount(pstmt)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			if n != 0 {
				allocs, err := s.c.bind(pstmt, n, args)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}

				if len(allocs) != 0 {
					defer func() {
						for _, v := range allocs {
							s.c.free(v)
						}
					}()
				}
			}

			rc, err := s.c.step(pstmt)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			switch rc & 0xff {
			case sqlite3.SQLITE_DONE, sqlite3.SQLITE_ROW:
				// nop
			default:
				return s.c.errstr(int32(rc))
			}

			return nil
		}()

		if e := s.c.finalize(pstmt); e != nil && err == nil {
			err = e
		}

		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return newResult(s.c)
}

// NumInput returns the number of placeholder parameters.
//
// If NumInput returns >= 0, the sql package will sanity check argument counts
// from callers and return errors to the caller before the statement's Exec or
// Query methods are called.
//
// NumInput may also return -1, if the driver doesn't know its number of
// placeholders. In that case, the sql package will not sanity check Exec or
// Query argument counts.
func (s *stmt) NumInput() (n int) {
	return -1
}

// Query executes a query that may return rows, such as a
// SELECT.
//
// Deprecated: Drivers should implement StmtQueryContext instead (or
// additionally).
func (s *stmt) Query(args []driver.Value) (driver.Rows, error) { //TODO StmtQueryContext
	return s.query(context.Background(), toNamedValues(args))
}

func (s *stmt) query(ctx context.Context, args []driver.NamedValue) (r driver.Rows, err error) {
	var pstmt uintptr
	var done int32
	if ctx != nil && ctx.Done() != nil {
		defer interruptOnDone(ctx, s.c, &done)()
	}

	var allocs []uintptr
	for psql := s.psql; *(*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(psql)) != 0 && atomic.LoadInt32(&done) == 0; {
		if pstmt, err = s.c.prepareV2(&psql); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		if pstmt == 0 {
			continue
		}

		err = func() (err error) {
			n, err := s.c.bindParameterCount(pstmt)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			if n != 0 {
				if allocs, err = s.c.bind(pstmt, n, args); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}

			rc, err := s.c.step(pstmt)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			switch rc & 0xff {
			case sqlite3.SQLITE_ROW:
				if r != nil {
					r.Close()
				}
				if r, err = newRows(s.c, pstmt, allocs, false); err != nil {
					return err
				}

				pstmt = 0
				return nil
			case sqlite3.SQLITE_DONE:
				if r == nil {
					if r, err = newRows(s.c, pstmt, allocs, true); err != nil {
						return err
					}
					pstmt = 0
					return nil
				}

				// nop
			default:
				return s.c.errstr(int32(rc))
			}

			if *(*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(psql)) == 0 {
				if r != nil {
					r.Close()
				}
				if r, err = newRows(s.c, pstmt, allocs, true); err != nil {
					return err
				}

				pstmt = 0
			}
			return nil
		}()
		if e := s.c.finalize(pstmt); e != nil && err == nil {
			err = e
		}

		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return r, err
}

type tx struct {
	c *conn
}

func newTx(c *conn) (*tx, error) {
	r := &tx{c: c}
	var sql string
	if c.beginMode != "" {
		sql = "begin " + c.beginMode
	} else {
		sql = "begin"
	}
	if err := r.exec(context.Background(), sql); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return r, nil
}

// Commit implements driver.Tx.
func (t *tx) Commit() (err error) {
	return t.exec(context.Background(), "commit")
}

// Rollback implements driver.Tx.
func (t *tx) Rollback() (err error) {
	return t.exec(context.Background(), "rollback")
}

func (t *tx) exec(ctx context.Context, sql string) (err error) {
	psql, err := libc.CString(sql)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	defer t.c.free(psql)
	//TODO use t.conn.ExecContext() instead

	if ctx != nil && ctx.Done() != nil {
		defer interruptOnDone(ctx, t.c, nil)()
	}

	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_exec(t.c.tls, t.c.db, psql, 0, 0, 0); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		return t.c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return nil
}

// interruptOnDone sets up a goroutine to interrupt the provided db when the
// context is canceled, and returns a function the caller must defer so it
// doesn't interrupt after the caller finishes.
func interruptOnDone(
	ctx context.Context,
	c *conn,
	done *int32,
) func() {
	if done == nil {
		var d int32
		done = &d
	}

	donech := make(chan struct{})

	go func() {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			// don't call interrupt if we were already done: it indicates that this
			// call to exec is no longer running and we would be interrupting
			// nothing, or even possibly an unrelated later call to exec.
			if atomic.AddInt32(done, 1) == 1 {
				c.interrupt(c.db)
			}
		case <-donech:
		}
	}()

	// the caller is expected to defer this function
	return func() {
		// set the done flag so that a context cancellation right after the caller
		// returns doesn't trigger a call to interrupt for some other statement.
		atomic.AddInt32(done, 1)
		close(donech)
	}
}

type conn struct {
	db  uintptr // *sqlite3.Xsqlite3
	tls *libc.TLS

	// Context handling can cause conn.Close and conn.interrupt to be invoked
	// concurrently.
	sync.Mutex

	writeTimeFormat string
	beginMode       string
}

func newConn(dsn string) (*conn, error) {
	var query string

	// Parse the query parameters from the dsn and them from the dsn if not prefixed by file:
	// https://github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3/blob/3392062c729d77820afc1f5cae3427f0de39e954/sqlite3.go#L1046
	// https://github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3/blob/3392062c729d77820afc1f5cae3427f0de39e954/sqlite3.go#L1383
	pos := strings.IndexRune(dsn, '?')
	if pos >= 1 {
		query = dsn[pos+1:]
		if !strings.HasPrefix(dsn, "file:") {
			dsn = dsn[:pos]
		}
	}

	c := &conn{tls: libc.NewTLS()}
	db, err := c.openV2(
		dsn,
		sqlite3.SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|sqlite3.SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|
			sqlite3.SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX|
			sqlite3.SQLITE_OPEN_URI,
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	c.db = db
	if err = c.extendedResultCodes(true); err != nil {
		c.Close()
		return nil, err
	}

	if err = applyQueryParams(c, query); err != nil {
		c.Close()
		return nil, err
	}

	return c, nil
}

func applyQueryParams(c *conn, query string) error {
	q, err := url.ParseQuery(query)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	for _, v := range q["_pragma"] {
		cmd := "pragma " + v
		_, err := c.exec(context.Background(), cmd, nil)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if v := q.Get("_time_format"); v != "" {
		f, ok := writeTimeFormats[v]
		if !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("unknown _time_format %q", v)
		}
		c.writeTimeFormat = f
		return nil
	}

	if v := q.Get("_txlock"); v != "" {
		lower := strings.ToLower(v)
		if lower != "deferred" && lower != "immediate" && lower != "exclusive" {
			return fmt.Errorf("unknown _txlock %q", v)
		}
		c.beginMode = v
	}

	return nil
}

// const void *sqlite3_column_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
func (c *conn) columnBlob(pstmt uintptr, iCol int) (v []byte, err error) {
	p := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_column_blob(c.tls, pstmt, int32(iCol))
	len, err := c.columnBytes(pstmt, iCol)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if p == 0 || len == 0 {
		return nil, nil
	}

	v = make([]byte, len)
	copy(v, (*libc.RawMem)(unsafe.Pointer(p))[:len:len])
	return v, nil
}

// int sqlite3_column_bytes(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
func (c *conn) columnBytes(pstmt uintptr, iCol int) (_ int, err error) {
	v := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_column_bytes(c.tls, pstmt, int32(iCol))
	return int(v), nil
}

// const unsigned char *sqlite3_column_text(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
func (c *conn) columnText(pstmt uintptr, iCol int) (v string, err error) {
	p := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_column_text(c.tls, pstmt, int32(iCol))
	len, err := c.columnBytes(pstmt, iCol)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	if p == 0 || len == 0 {
		return "", nil
	}

	b := make([]byte, len)
	copy(b, (*libc.RawMem)(unsafe.Pointer(p))[:len:len])
	return string(b), nil
}

// double sqlite3_column_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
func (c *conn) columnDouble(pstmt uintptr, iCol int) (v float64, err error) {
	v = sqlite3.Xsqlite3_column_double(c.tls, pstmt, int32(iCol))
	return v, nil
}

// sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_column_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
func (c *conn) columnInt64(pstmt uintptr, iCol int) (v int64, err error) {
	v = sqlite3.Xsqlite3_column_int64(c.tls, pstmt, int32(iCol))
	return v, nil
}

// int sqlite3_column_type(sqlite3_stmt*, int iCol);
func (c *conn) columnType(pstmt uintptr, iCol int) (_ int, err error) {
	v := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_column_type(c.tls, pstmt, int32(iCol))
	return int(v), nil
}

// const char *sqlite3_column_decltype(sqlite3_stmt*,int);
func (c *conn) columnDeclType(pstmt uintptr, iCol int) string {
	return libc.GoString(sqlite3.Xsqlite3_column_decltype(c.tls, pstmt, int32(iCol)))
}

// const char *sqlite3_column_name(sqlite3_stmt*, int N);
func (c *conn) columnName(pstmt uintptr, n int) (string, error) {
	p := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_column_name(c.tls, pstmt, int32(n))
	return libc.GoString(p), nil
}

// int sqlite3_column_count(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
func (c *conn) columnCount(pstmt uintptr) (_ int, err error) {
	v := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_column_count(c.tls, pstmt)
	return int(v), nil
}

// sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(sqlite3*);
func (c *conn) lastInsertRowID() (v int64, _ error) {
	return sqlite3.Xsqlite3_last_insert_rowid(c.tls, c.db), nil
}

// int sqlite3_changes(sqlite3*);
func (c *conn) changes() (int, error) {
	v := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_changes(c.tls, c.db)
	return int(v), nil
}

// int sqlite3_step(sqlite3_stmt*);
func (c *conn) step(pstmt uintptr) (int, error) {
	for {
		switch rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_step(c.tls, pstmt); rc {
		case sqliteLockedSharedcache:
			if err := c.retry(pstmt); err != nil {
				return sqlite3.SQLITE_LOCKED, err
			}
		case
			sqlite3.SQLITE_DONE,
			sqlite3.SQLITE_ROW:

			return int(rc), nil
		default:
			return int(rc), c.errstr(rc)
		}
	}
}

func (c *conn) retry(pstmt uintptr) error {
	mu := mutexAlloc(c.tls)
	(*mutex)(unsafe.Pointer(mu)).Lock()
	rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_unlock_notify(
		c.tls,
		c.db,
		*(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&struct {
			f func(*libc.TLS, uintptr, int32)
		}{unlockNotify})),
		mu,
	)
	if rc == sqlite3.SQLITE_LOCKED { // Deadlock, see https://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/unlock_notify.html
		(*mutex)(unsafe.Pointer(mu)).Unlock()
		mutexFree(c.tls, mu)
		return c.errstr(rc)
	}

	(*mutex)(unsafe.Pointer(mu)).Lock()
	(*mutex)(unsafe.Pointer(mu)).Unlock()
	mutexFree(c.tls, mu)
	if pstmt != 0 {
		sqlite3.Xsqlite3_reset(c.tls, pstmt)
	}
	return nil
}

func unlockNotify(t *libc.TLS, ppArg uintptr, nArg int32) {
	for i := int32(0); i < nArg; i++ {
		mu := *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(ppArg))
		(*mutex)(unsafe.Pointer(mu)).Unlock()
		ppArg += ptrSize
	}
}

func (c *conn) bind(pstmt uintptr, n int, args []driver.NamedValue) (allocs []uintptr, err error) {
	defer func() {
		if err == nil {
			return
		}

		for _, v := range allocs {
			c.free(v)
		}
		allocs = nil
	}()

	for i := 1; i <= n; i++ {
		name, err := c.bindParameterName(pstmt, i)
		if err != nil {
			return allocs, err
		}

		var found bool
		var v driver.NamedValue
		for _, v = range args {
			if name != "" {
				// For ?NNN and $NNN params, match if NNN == v.Ordinal.
				//
				// Supporting this for $NNN is a special case that makes eg
				// `select $1, $2, $3 ...` work without needing to use
				// sql.Named.
				if (name[0] == '?' || name[0] == '$') && name[1:] == strconv.Itoa(v.Ordinal) {
					found = true
					break
				}

				// sqlite supports '$', '@' and ':' prefixes for string
				// identifiers and '?' for numeric, so we cannot
				// combine different prefixes with the same name
				// because `database/sql` requires variable names
				// to start with a letter
				if name[1:] == v.Name[:] {
					found = true
					break
				}
			} else {
				if v.Ordinal == i {
					found = true
					break
				}
			}
		}

		if !found {
			if name != "" {
				return allocs, fmt.Errorf("missing named argument %q", name[1:])
			}

			return allocs, fmt.Errorf("missing argument with index %d", i)
		}

		var p uintptr
		switch x := v.Value.(type) {
		case int64:
			if err := c.bindInt64(pstmt, i, x); err != nil {
				return allocs, err
			}
		case float64:
			if err := c.bindDouble(pstmt, i, x); err != nil {
				return allocs, err
			}
		case bool:
			v := 0
			if x {
				v = 1
			}
			if err := c.bindInt(pstmt, i, v); err != nil {
				return allocs, err
			}
		case []byte:
			if p, err = c.bindBlob(pstmt, i, x); err != nil {
				return allocs, err
			}
		case string:
			if p, err = c.bindText(pstmt, i, x); err != nil {
				return allocs, err
			}
		case time.Time:
			if p, err = c.bindText(pstmt, i, c.formatTime(x)); err != nil {
				return allocs, err
			}
		case nil:
			if p, err = c.bindNull(pstmt, i); err != nil {
				return allocs, err
			}
		default:
			return allocs, fmt.Errorf("sqlite: invalid driver.Value type %T", x)
		}
		if p != 0 {
			allocs = append(allocs, p)
		}
	}
	return allocs, nil
}

// int sqlite3_bind_null(sqlite3_stmt*, int);
func (c *conn) bindNull(pstmt uintptr, idx1 int) (uintptr, error) {
	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_bind_null(c.tls, pstmt, int32(idx1)); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		return 0, c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return 0, nil
}

// int sqlite3_bind_text(sqlite3_stmt*,int,const char*,int,void(*)(void*));
func (c *conn) bindText(pstmt uintptr, idx1 int, value string) (uintptr, error) {
	p, err := libc.CString(value)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_bind_text(c.tls, pstmt, int32(idx1), p, int32(len(value)), 0); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		c.free(p)
		return 0, c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return p, nil
}

// int sqlite3_bind_blob(sqlite3_stmt*, int, const void*, int n, void(*)(void*));
func (c *conn) bindBlob(pstmt uintptr, idx1 int, value []byte) (uintptr, error) {
	if len(value) == 0 {
		if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_bind_zeroblob(c.tls, pstmt, int32(idx1), 0); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
			return 0, c.errstr(rc)
		}
		return 0, nil
	}

	p, err := c.malloc(len(value))
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	copy((*libc.RawMem)(unsafe.Pointer(p))[:len(value):len(value)], value)
	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_bind_blob(c.tls, pstmt, int32(idx1), p, int32(len(value)), 0); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		c.free(p)
		return 0, c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return p, nil
}

// int sqlite3_bind_int(sqlite3_stmt*, int, int);
func (c *conn) bindInt(pstmt uintptr, idx1, value int) (err error) {
	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_bind_int(c.tls, pstmt, int32(idx1), int32(value)); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		return c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return nil
}

// int sqlite3_bind_double(sqlite3_stmt*, int, double);
func (c *conn) bindDouble(pstmt uintptr, idx1 int, value float64) (err error) {
	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_bind_double(c.tls, pstmt, int32(idx1), value); rc != 0 {
		return c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return nil
}

// int sqlite3_bind_int64(sqlite3_stmt*, int, sqlite3_int64);
func (c *conn) bindInt64(pstmt uintptr, idx1 int, value int64) (err error) {
	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_bind_int64(c.tls, pstmt, int32(idx1), value); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		return c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return nil
}

// const char *sqlite3_bind_parameter_name(sqlite3_stmt*, int);
func (c *conn) bindParameterName(pstmt uintptr, i int) (string, error) {
	p := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_bind_parameter_name(c.tls, pstmt, int32(i))
	return libc.GoString(p), nil
}

// int sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(sqlite3_stmt*);
func (c *conn) bindParameterCount(pstmt uintptr) (_ int, err error) {
	r := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_bind_parameter_count(c.tls, pstmt)
	return int(r), nil
}

// int sqlite3_finalize(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt);
func (c *conn) finalize(pstmt uintptr) error {
	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_finalize(c.tls, pstmt); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		return c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return nil
}

// int sqlite3_prepare_v2(
//   sqlite3 *db,            /* Database handle */
//   const char *zSql,       /* SQL statement, UTF-8 encoded */
//   int nByte,              /* Maximum length of zSql in bytes. */
//   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt,  /* OUT: Statement handle */
//   const char **pzTail     /* OUT: Pointer to unused portion of zSql */
// );
func (c *conn) prepareV2(zSQL *uintptr) (pstmt uintptr, err error) {
	var ppstmt, pptail uintptr

	defer func() {
		c.free(ppstmt)
		c.free(pptail)
	}()

	if ppstmt, err = c.malloc(int(ptrSize)); err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	if pptail, err = c.malloc(int(ptrSize)); err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	for {
		switch rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_prepare_v2(c.tls, c.db, *zSQL, -1, ppstmt, pptail); rc {
		case sqlite3.SQLITE_OK:
			*zSQL = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(pptail))
			return *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(ppstmt)), nil
		case sqliteLockedSharedcache:
			if err := c.retry(0); err != nil {
				return 0, err
			}
		default:
			return 0, c.errstr(rc)
		}
	}
}

// void sqlite3_interrupt(sqlite3*);
func (c *conn) interrupt(pdb uintptr) (err error) {
	c.Lock() // Defend against race with .Close invoked by context handling.

	defer c.Unlock()

	if c.tls != nil {
		sqlite3.Xsqlite3_interrupt(c.tls, pdb)
	}
	return nil
}

// int sqlite3_extended_result_codes(sqlite3*, int onoff);
func (c *conn) extendedResultCodes(on bool) error {
	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_extended_result_codes(c.tls, c.db, libc.Bool32(on)); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		return c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return nil
}

// int sqlite3_open_v2(
//   const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
//   sqlite3 **ppDb,         /* OUT: SQLite db handle */
//   int flags,              /* Flags */
//   const char *zVfs        /* Name of VFS module to use */
// );
func (c *conn) openV2(name string, flags int32) (uintptr, error) {
	var p, s uintptr

	defer func() {
		if p != 0 {
			c.free(p)
		}
		if s != 0 {
			c.free(s)
		}
	}()

	p, err := c.malloc(int(ptrSize))
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	if s, err = libc.CString(name); err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}

	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_open_v2(c.tls, s, p, flags, 0); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		return 0, c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(p)), nil
}

func (c *conn) malloc(n int) (uintptr, error) {
	if p := libc.Xmalloc(c.tls, types.Size_t(n)); p != 0 || n == 0 {
		return p, nil
	}

	return 0, fmt.Errorf("sqlite: cannot allocate %d bytes of memory", n)
}

func (c *conn) free(p uintptr) {
	if p != 0 {
		libc.Xfree(c.tls, p)
	}
}

// const char *sqlite3_errstr(int);
func (c *conn) errstr(rc int32) error {
	p := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_errstr(c.tls, rc)
	str := libc.GoString(p)
	p = sqlite3.Xsqlite3_errmsg(c.tls, c.db)
	var s string
	if rc == sqlite3.SQLITE_BUSY {
		s = " (SQLITE_BUSY)"
	}
	switch msg := libc.GoString(p); {
	case msg == str:
		return &Error{msg: fmt.Sprintf("%s (%v)%s", str, rc, s), code: int(rc)}
	default:
		return &Error{msg: fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s (%v)%s", str, msg, rc, s), code: int(rc)}
	}
}

// Begin starts a transaction.
//
// Deprecated: Drivers should implement ConnBeginTx instead (or additionally).
func (c *conn) Begin() (driver.Tx, error) {
	return c.begin(context.Background(), driver.TxOptions{})
}

func (c *conn) begin(ctx context.Context, opts driver.TxOptions) (t driver.Tx, err error) {
	return newTx(c)
}

// Close invalidates and potentially stops any current prepared statements and
// transactions, marking this connection as no longer in use.
//
// Because the sql package maintains a free pool of connections and only calls
// Close when there's a surplus of idle connections, it shouldn't be necessary
// for drivers to do their own connection caching.
func (c *conn) Close() error {
	c.Lock() // Defend against race with .interrupt invoked by context handling.

	defer c.Unlock()

	if c.db != 0 {
		if err := c.closeV2(c.db); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		c.db = 0
	}

	if c.tls != nil {
		c.tls.Close()
		c.tls = nil
	}
	return nil
}

// int sqlite3_close_v2(sqlite3*);
func (c *conn) closeV2(db uintptr) error {
	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_close_v2(c.tls, db); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		return c.errstr(rc)
	}

	return nil
}

type userDefinedFunction struct {
	zFuncName uintptr
	nArg      int32
	eTextRep  int32
	xFunc     func(*libc.TLS, uintptr, int32, uintptr)

	freeOnce sync.Once
}

func (c *conn) createFunctionInternal(fun *userDefinedFunction) error {
	if rc := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_create_function(
		c.tls,
		c.db,
		fun.zFuncName,
		fun.nArg,
		fun.eTextRep,
		0,
		*(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&fun.xFunc)),
		0,
		0,
	); rc != sqlite3.SQLITE_OK {
		return c.errstr(rc)
	}
	return nil
}

// Execer is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn.
//
// If a Conn does not implement Execer, the sql package's DB.Exec will first
// prepare a query, execute the statement, and then close the statement.
//
// Exec may return ErrSkip.
//
// Deprecated: Drivers should implement ExecerContext instead.
func (c *conn) Exec(query string, args []driver.Value) (driver.Result, error) {
	return c.exec(context.Background(), query, toNamedValues(args))
}

func (c *conn) exec(ctx context.Context, query string, args []driver.NamedValue) (r driver.Result, err error) {
	s, err := c.prepare(ctx, query)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	defer func() {
		if err2 := s.Close(); err2 != nil && err == nil {
			err = err2
		}
	}()

	return s.(*stmt).exec(ctx, args)
}

// Prepare returns a prepared statement, bound to this connection.
func (c *conn) Prepare(query string) (driver.Stmt, error) {
	return c.prepare(context.Background(), query)
}

func (c *conn) prepare(ctx context.Context, query string) (s driver.Stmt, err error) {
	//TODO use ctx
	return newStmt(c, query)
}

// Queryer is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn.
//
// If a Conn does not implement Queryer, the sql package's DB.Query will first
// prepare a query, execute the statement, and then close the statement.
//
// Query may return ErrSkip.
//
// Deprecated: Drivers should implement QueryerContext instead.
func (c *conn) Query(query string, args []driver.Value) (driver.Rows, error) {
	return c.query(context.Background(), query, toNamedValues(args))
}

func (c *conn) query(ctx context.Context, query string, args []driver.NamedValue) (r driver.Rows, err error) {
	s, err := c.prepare(ctx, query)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	defer func() {
		if err2 := s.Close(); err2 != nil && err == nil {
			err = err2
		}
	}()

	return s.(*stmt).query(ctx, args)
}

// Driver implements database/sql/driver.Driver.
type Driver struct {
	// user defined functions that are added to every new connection on Open
	udfs map[string]*userDefinedFunction
}

var d = &Driver{udfs: make(map[string]*userDefinedFunction)}

func newDriver() *Driver { return d }

// Open returns a new connection to the database.  The name is a string in a
// driver-specific format.
//
// Open may return a cached connection (one previously closed), but doing so is
// unnecessary; the sql package maintains a pool of idle connections for
// efficient re-use.
//
// The returned connection is only used by one goroutine at a time.
//
// If name contains a '?', what follows is treated as a query string. This
// driver supports the following query parameters:
//
// _pragma: Each value will be run as a "PRAGMA ..." statement (with the PRAGMA
// keyword added for you). May be specified more than once. Example:
// "_pragma=foreign_keys(1)" will enable foreign key enforcement. More
// information on supported PRAGMAs is available from the SQLite documentation:
// https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html
//
// _time_format: The name of a format to use when writing time values to the
// database. Currently the only supported value is "sqlite", which corresponds
// to format 7 from https://www.sqlite.org/lang_datefunc.html#time_values,
// including the timezone specifier. If this parameter is not specified, then
// the default String() format will be used.
//
// _txlock: The locking behavior to use when beginning a transaction. May be
// "deferred", "immediate", or "exclusive" (case insensitive). The default is to
// not specify one, which SQLite maps to "deferred". More information is
// available at
// https://www.sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html#deferred_immediate_and_exclusive_transactions
func (d *Driver) Open(name string) (driver.Conn, error) {
	c, err := newConn(name)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	for _, udf := range d.udfs {
		if err = c.createFunctionInternal(udf); err != nil {
			c.Close()
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return c, nil
}

// FunctionContext represents the context user defined functions execute in.
// Fields and/or methods of this type may get addedd in the future.
type FunctionContext struct{}

const sqliteValPtrSize = unsafe.Sizeof(&sqlite3.Sqlite3_value{})

// RegisterScalarFunction registers a scalar function named zFuncName with nArg
// arguments. Passing -1 for nArg indicates the function is variadic.
//
// The new function will be available to all new connections opened after
// executing RegisterScalarFunction.
func RegisterScalarFunction(
	zFuncName string,
	nArg int32,
	xFunc func(ctx *FunctionContext, args []driver.Value) (driver.Value, error),
) error {
	return registerScalarFunction(zFuncName, nArg, sqlite3.SQLITE_UTF8, xFunc)
}

// MustRegisterScalarFunction is like RegisterScalarFunction but panics on
// error.
func MustRegisterScalarFunction(
	zFuncName string,
	nArg int32,
	xFunc func(ctx *FunctionContext, args []driver.Value) (driver.Value, error),
) {
	if err := RegisterScalarFunction(zFuncName, nArg, xFunc); err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
}

// MustRegisterDeterministicScalarFunction is like
// RegisterDeterministicScalarFunction but panics on error.
func MustRegisterDeterministicScalarFunction(
	zFuncName string,
	nArg int32,
	xFunc func(ctx *FunctionContext, args []driver.Value) (driver.Value, error),
) {
	if err := RegisterDeterministicScalarFunction(zFuncName, nArg, xFunc); err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
}

// RegisterDeterministicScalarFunction registers a deterministic scalar
// function named zFuncName with nArg arguments. Passing -1 for nArg indicates
// the function is variadic. A deterministic function means that the function
// always gives the same output when the input parameters are the same.
//
// The new function will be available to all new connections opened after
// executing RegisterDeterministicScalarFunction.
func RegisterDeterministicScalarFunction(
	zFuncName string,
	nArg int32,
	xFunc func(ctx *FunctionContext, args []driver.Value) (driver.Value, error),
) error {
	return registerScalarFunction(zFuncName, nArg, sqlite3.SQLITE_UTF8|sqlite3.SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC, xFunc)
}

func registerScalarFunction(
	zFuncName string,
	nArg int32,
	eTextRep int32,
	xFunc func(ctx *FunctionContext, args []driver.Value) (driver.Value, error),
) error {

	if _, ok := d.udfs[zFuncName]; ok {
		return fmt.Errorf("a function named %q is already registered", zFuncName)
	}

	// dont free, functions registered on the driver live as long as the program
	name, err := libc.CString(zFuncName)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	udf := &userDefinedFunction{
		zFuncName: name,
		nArg:      nArg,
		eTextRep:  eTextRep,
		xFunc: func(tls *libc.TLS, ctx uintptr, argc int32, argv uintptr) {
			setErrorResult := func(res error) {
				errmsg, cerr := libc.CString(res.Error())
				if cerr != nil {
					panic(cerr)
				}
				defer libc.Xfree(tls, errmsg)
				sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_error(tls, ctx, errmsg, -1)
				sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_error_code(tls, ctx, sqlite3.SQLITE_ERROR)
			}

			args := make([]driver.Value, argc)
			for i := int32(0); i < argc; i++ {
				valPtr := *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(argv + uintptr(i)*sqliteValPtrSize))

				switch valType := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_value_type(tls, valPtr); valType {
				case sqlite3.SQLITE_TEXT:
					args[i] = libc.GoString(sqlite3.Xsqlite3_value_text(tls, valPtr))
				case sqlite3.SQLITE_INTEGER:
					args[i] = sqlite3.Xsqlite3_value_int64(tls, valPtr)
				case sqlite3.SQLITE_FLOAT:
					args[i] = sqlite3.Xsqlite3_value_double(tls, valPtr)
				case sqlite3.SQLITE_NULL:
					args[i] = nil
				case sqlite3.SQLITE_BLOB:
					size := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_value_bytes(tls, valPtr)
					blobPtr := sqlite3.Xsqlite3_value_blob(tls, valPtr)
					v := make([]byte, size)
					copy(v, (*libc.RawMem)(unsafe.Pointer(blobPtr))[:size:size])
					args[i] = v
				default:
					panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected argument type %q passed by sqlite", valType))
				}
			}

			res, err := xFunc(&FunctionContext{}, args)
			if err != nil {
				setErrorResult(err)
				return
			}

			switch resTyped := res.(type) {
			case nil:
				sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_null(tls, ctx)
			case int64:
				sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_int64(tls, ctx, resTyped)
			case float64:
				sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_double(tls, ctx, resTyped)
			case bool:
				sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_int(tls, ctx, libc.Bool32(resTyped))
			case time.Time:
				sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_int64(tls, ctx, resTyped.Unix())
			case string:
				size := int32(len(resTyped))
				cstr, err := libc.CString(resTyped)
				if err != nil {
					panic(err)
				}
				defer libc.Xfree(tls, cstr)
				sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_text(tls, ctx, cstr, size, sqlite3.SQLITE_TRANSIENT)
			case []byte:
				size := int32(len(resTyped))
				if size == 0 {
					sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_zeroblob(tls, ctx, 0)
					return
				}
				p := libc.Xmalloc(tls, types.Size_t(size))
				if p == 0 {
					panic(fmt.Sprintf("unable to allocate space for blob: %d", size))
				}
				defer libc.Xfree(tls, p)
				copy((*libc.RawMem)(unsafe.Pointer(p))[:size:size], resTyped)

				sqlite3.Xsqlite3_result_blob(tls, ctx, p, size, sqlite3.SQLITE_TRANSIENT)
			default:
				setErrorResult(fmt.Errorf("function did not return a valid driver.Value: %T", resTyped))
				return
			}
		},
	}
	d.udfs[zFuncName] = udf

	return nil
}